发信人: meipeng(原来)
整理人: roy_young(2003-01-15 11:12:16), 站内信件
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Yes, Marx was a Marxist
When he wanted to be, Marx was a compelling writer, punching out first-rate epigrams at a reckless pace. The closing sentences of “The Communist Manifesto” （1）(1848) are rightly celebrated: “The workers have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to gain. Workers of the world, unite.” He also had an enviable flair for hysterical invective.（2）
At one point in “Capital” (1867-94), he famously defines the subject of his enquiry as “dead labour, that, vampire-like, only lives by sucking living labour, and lives the more, the more labour it sucks.” That is not only unforgettable but actually very apt, if you believe Marx's theory of value. He could express himself brilliantly when he chose to.（3）Yet he was also capable of stupefying dullness and impenetrable complexity. (4)
Try the opening pages of “Capital” (it picks up later). In his scientific work, as he called it, he minted jargon at a befuddling rate, underlining terms to emphasise their opacity, then changing their meaning at will.(5) Adding to the fog, what Marx believed in 1844 was probably not what he believed in 1874: the only constant was his conviction that what he said at any time was both the absolute truth and fully consistent with what he had said before. And most of the published Marx, including the “Manifesto” and volumes two and three of “Capital”, was edited, co-written or ghost written by Friedrich Engels. For many years, therefore, separating Marx from Engels in what the world understands as “Marx” was an academic industry in itself.（6）
Still, four things seem crucial, and most of the rest follows from these. First, Marx believed that societies follow laws of motion simple and all-encompassing enough to make long-range prediction fruitful. Second, he believed that these laws are exclusively economic in character: what shapes society, the only thing that shapes society, is the “material forces of production”. Third, he believed that these laws must invariably express themselves, until the end of history, as a bitter struggle of class against class. Fourth, he believed that at the end of history, classes and the state (whose sole purpose is to represent the interests of the ruling class) must dissolve to yield a heaven on earth.（7）
In what ways, then, was Soviet-style communism a deviation from these beliefs, as modern western commentators like to argue? Chiefly, it is said that Russia jumped the gun (forgive the expression). According to Marx's laws of motion, society is supposed to progress from feudalism to capitalism at just that point when feudalism fetters the forces of production, rather than serving them, as it has up to that moment. Later, capitalism gives way in turn to socialism, the dictatorship of the proletariat, and in much the same way—once its productive potential has been fully achieved, so that henceforth its continued existence is an obstacle to material sufficiency rather than a means to it. But Russia went straight from feudalism to socialism. This was too quick. Marx could have told Lenin that it would never work.（8）
Is this really what he would have said? There is no doubt that Lenin saw himself as a true follower of Marx—and he had every reason to. By the end of the 19th century, socialist thought was dividing. Marx's laws of motion were failing. Capitalism still flourished: no sign of the falling rate of profit that would signal its end. The working class was getting the vote. The welfare state was taking shape. Factory conditions were improving and wages were rising well above the floor of subsistence. All this was contrary to Marx's laws.（9）
In response, the left was splitting. On one side were reformers and social democrats who saw that capitalism could be given a human face. On the other were those who believed that Marx's system could be developed and restated, always true to its underlying logic—and, crucially, with its revolutionary as opposed to evolutionary character brought to the fore.（10）
Whose side in this would Marx have been on? Revolution or reform? Would he have continued to insist that the vampire be destroyed? Or would he have turned reformer, asking it nicely to suck a bit less blood? The latter seems unlikely. Marx was a scholar, but he was also a fanatic and a revolutionary. His incapacity for compromise (with comrades, let alone opponents) was pathological. And in the preface to the 1882 Russian edition of the “Manifesto”, his last published writing, Marx hoped that a revolution in Russia might become “the signal for a proletarian revolution in the West, so that both complement each other”; if so, Russia, despite its pre-capitalist characteristics, “may serve as the starting-point for a communist development.” Lenin was surely right to believe that he, not those soft-headed bourgeois accommodationists, was true to the master's thought.（11）
（1）compelling adj.引人注目的 punch out 写出，做出 reckless adj.不计后果的 manifesto n.宣言, 声明
（2）enviable adj.令人羡慕的 flair n.才能, 本领 hysterical a歇斯底里的 invective n.恶言漫骂
（3）enquiry n.询问 the subject of enquiry 即研究的对象，资本论中主要研究对象就是指资产阶级。 Vampire-like 象吸血鬼一样的 apt adj. 适当的, 恰当的, 合适的 brilliantly adv.辉煌地, 灿烂地, 光亮地
(4) stupefy v.麻木 dullness 钝度, 迟钝 impenetrable adj.难以渗透的
(5) mint v.铸造 jargon n.行话 befuddle vt.迷糊 opacity n.不透明性 at will 随意的 句子是说在他的著作中他可以写出很多的术语，却不能给明确的定义，后来却随意的更改这些定义。
（6）be consistent with 和……一致 ghost written 为……所代写
（7）exclusively adv.排外地, 专有地 invariably adv.不变地, 总是 dissolve v.解散 yield
v.出产, 生长, 生产 本段介绍的是马克思主义的基本概念：阶级斗争，生产力，社会发展客观规律，统治阶级等。下文开始分析为什么说苏联的实践和马克思主义的实际是分离的？
（8）commentator 评论员,讲解员 jump the gun 行动过早，意思是说俄罗斯过早的进入到社会主义社会。Progress from… to…从……发展到…… fetter vt.束缚 give way in turn to 给……让路 dictatorship n.专政 proletariat n.无产阶级 henceforth adv.自此以后, 今后 obstacle n.障碍, 妨害物 sufficiency n.充足 本段主要是从马克思的社会转变理论来分析苏联的“早产儿”性质国家，马克思的理论是从封建社会到资本主义社会再到社会主义社会，而俄罗斯直接从封建社会到社会主义社会。仔细分析最后一句 could have done sth 的用法，马克思本应该告诉列宁这不会有好结果（但他没有告诉）
（9）there is no doubt that 没有任何疑问的是…… have every reason to 有任何理由 flourish vi.繁荣 get the vote 获得选举权 take shape 形成 subsistence n.生存, 生活, 留存 这段讲的是资本主义的事实情况和马克思的预言之间的相反情况
（10）in response 与此相对应的 split v 分裂 evolutionary进化的 本段讲的是左翼对马克思主义的解读：一种是认为资本主义制度应该值得重视，另一种是应该始终坚持马克思主义的基本原理。
（11）scholar n.学者 fanatic adj.狂热的, 盲信的 incapacity n.无能力 pathological adj.病理的, 病态的 proletarian adj.无产阶级的 complement n.补足物 bourgeois n.中产阶级 accommodationist n.妥协者 本段开始分析马克思对俄罗斯革命的真实意图，分析看出马克思支持革命的可能更大的，这可以从他的性格和书籍上看的出来，而列宁则是他的革命思想的追随者。
本段分析：从马克思的个人理论分析开始，分析他的革命理论和对后来俄罗斯革命的看法，马克思的理论和后来苏联的实际情况之间的矛盾，马克思本人的理论和性格对后来的俄罗斯革命的巨大影响。（当然，我们必须看到ECONOMIST是西方杂志，对马克思的理论的看法我们必须用辨证的眼光来看待）
TO BE CONTINUED~~~~~
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其实毕答哥拉斯定理是费马猜想的源头之一，地心说被证明是错的所以才称为科学，牛顿的伟大之处是发明了被爱因斯坦推翻的三定律，以上有部分是波普的证伪主义理论，根据该理论，我走了可以说明我还和你在一起。所以，886
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