发信人: r_hayes(Hayes)
整理人: roy_young(2002-05-21 12:27:09), 站内信件
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分 词（The Participle ）
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。它兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可以有宾语或状语。分词和宾语或状语一起构成分词短语。
Ⅰ、现在分词（The Present Participle ）
现在分词由动词原形加词尾 -ing 构成。现在分词有一般式和完成式，及物动词的现在分词有主动语态和被动语态。其形式如下：
现 在分 词 及 物 动 词 write 不及物动词 go
主动语态
一般式 Writing Being written Going
完成式 Having written Having been written Having gone
1、现在分词的主动语态 分为一般式和完成式两种。现在分词一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作一般同时进行，而完成式所表示的动作则在谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经完成了。
①、He hurried home, looking behind as he went.
②、Having finished their work, they had a rest.
2、现在分词的被动语态 也可分为一般式和完成式两种。一般式表示一个被动动作正在进行，或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行，而完成式所表示一个被动动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经完成了。
1). The large building being built (= which is being built) down the street will be a hospital.
2). Having been shown the labs, we were taken to see the library.
3、现在分词的用法
⑴ 作定语 作定语用的分词如果是单词，一般放在名前的前面，如果是分词短语，
则放在名词的后面，它的功用相当于定语人句。
１）Crusoe lit a fire and from it took a burning stick.
２）The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.
３）There were a lot of boys in the field playing football.
⑵ 作表语
１）Ｔhe story sounds interesting.
２）The volleyball match we watched was very exciting.
⑶ 作宾语补足语 分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语。可带这种复合宾语的动词有：see,watch,hear,find,get,keep 等。
１）We heard her singing in her room.
２）We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.
注１：上述句子也可以变为被动形式。如：
Steam can be seen rising from the wet clothes.
注２：复合宾语中用现在分词和用不定式意义稍有不同。不定式表示动作发生了，指事物的全过程；分词则表示动作正在进行。
１）Ｉsaw her come in .我看见她进来了。（说明进来了这件事）
２） I saw her coming in.我看见她进来。（说明她进来时的情景）
⑷ 作状语
１）She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.（伴随情况或方式）
２）Being ill ( As he was ill ),he went home.（原因）
３）One day, walking along the sands towards his boat, Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a man' s foot.（时间）
Ⅱ。过去分词（The Past Participle ）
规则动词的过去分词由动词原形加词尾－ed 构成，不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的构成规则。过去分词一般表示完成的被动的动作，只有一种形式。
过去分词用法如下：
１、作定语 和现在分词作定语的用法相同。作定语用的过去分词如果是单词，一般要放在名词的前面；如果是过去分词短语，要放在名词的后面。
1）A broken cup is lying on the ground.
2) This is one of the factories built in the 1960s.
２、作表语
1)The cup is broken.
2)He was terrified at seeing this .
３作宾语补足语
1)He 's going to have his hair cut.
2)I must get my bike repaired.
3)If you watch long enough ,you will see many problems settled among the ants by this tap-talking with the feelers.
４、作状语
1)The trainer (训练者) appeared, followed by six little dogs.
2)Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
3)Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
Ⅲ。分词的否定形式（由 not + 分词构成）
1)Not knowing how to do it, he asked me for help.
2)Not having received an answer, I wrote again.
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