发信人: tututu()
整理人: roy_young(2001-12-07 14:39:45), 站内信件
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【 在 mmlydia (mmlydia) 的大作中提到: 】
: 发信人: kirsten (Fresno), 信区: English
: 标 题: Re: 问两个单字..
: 发信站: 种子网 BBS (Thu Feb 18 09:24:23 1999), 转信
: 【 在 [email protected] (离群索居其乐无穷) 的大作中提到: 】
: : 如果是硬颚, 会不会太后面了? 舌尖要顶到硬颚,
: : 多半就得卷曲了. 或许台语的ㄌ不是dental, 也
: : 不是alveolar, 有可能是 alveopalatal 吧?
: [deleted]
: In English, /t/ and /th/ are alveolar sounds.
: What we learned from the textbook is wrong.
: The three sets of stops are just plain vs. aspirated.
: There is no voicing.
: But in Taiwanese, we have three way contrasts:
: plain vs. aspirated vs. voiced.
: /p/ /ph/ /b/
\r\ in reality
represents several distinct sounds. Before a stress
ed vowel \r\
denotes a continuant produced with the tongue tip s
lightly behind the
teethridge. This sound is usually voiceless when it
follows a
voiceless stop, as in pray, tree, and cram. After a
vowel in the
same syllable \r\ is most often a semivowel charact
erized by
retroflexion of the tongue tip. The sequences \ar\,
\鋜\, \er\, \ir\, \or\,
\ur\, and \&r\ may then be considered diphthongs. I
n some speech
the retroflexion of the \r\ occurs throughout the a
rticulation of the
vowel, but in other cases the first vowel glides in
to a retroflex
articulation. In the latter cases a brief transitio
n vowel is sometimes
heard; this variable and nondistinctive glide is no
t transcribed in this
book, but is considered implicit in the symbol \r\.
In Received
Pronunciation \r\ is sometimes pronounced as a flap
in the same
contexts in which \t\ and \d\ occur as flaps in Ame
rican English.
(See the section on \t\ below.) Occasionally the fl
ap may be heard
after consonants, as in bright and grow. In other d
ialects of British
English, particularly Scottish, \r\ may be pronounc
ed as an alveolar
trill or as a uvular trill. In some dialects, espec
ially those of the
southeastern U.S., eastern New England, New York Ci
ty, and
southern England, \r\ is not pronounced after a vow
el in the same
syllable. This is often, if somewhat misleadingly,
referred to as
r-dropping. In these dialects r is pronounced as a
nonsyllabic \&\
when it occurs in these positions or there may be n
o sound
corresponding to the r, thus beard, corn, and assur
ed may be
pronounced as \'bi&d\, \'ko&n\, and \&-'shu&d\ or,
usually with
some lengthening of the vowel sound, as \'bid\, \'k
on\, and \&-'shud\.
In car, card, and cart those who do not pronounce \
r\ generally
have a vowel which we would transcribe as \A\, usua
lly pronounced
with some lengthening and without a following \&\.
(See the sections
on \鋅 and \A\.) The stressed vowel of bird and hur
t in r-dropping
speech is similar to the vowel used by r-keepers in
the same words
but without the simultaneous raising of the center
and/or tip of the
tongue. In the U.S. most speakers of r-dropping dia
lects will
pronounce \r\ before consonants in some words or in
some contexts.
Because it is determined by the phonetic context, r
-dropping is not
explicitly represented in this dictionary; speakers
of r-dropping
dialects will automatically substitute the sounds a
ppropriate to their
own speech.
\ t \
as in tie, attack, late, later, latter. In some con
texts, as when a
stressed or unstressed vowel precedes and an unstre
ssed vowel or
\&l\ follows, the sound represented by t or tt is p
ronounced in most
American speech as a voiced flap produced by the to
ngue tip
tapping the teethridge. In similar contexts the sou
nd represented by
d or dd has the same pronunciation. Thus, the pairs
ladder and
latter, leader and liter, parody and parity are oft
en homophones.
At the end of a syllable \t\ often has an incomplet
e articulation with
no release, or it is accompanied or replaced by a g
lottal closure.
When \t\ occurs before the syllabic consonant \&n\
as in button
\'b&-t&n\, the glottal allophone is often heard. Th
is may reflect a
syllabication of \t\ with the preceding stressed sy
llable (i.e.
\'b&t-&n\).
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