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发信人: pkelvin(KC) 整理人: pkelvin(2003-04-26 07:05:58), 站内信件 |
McDonald Douglas F-15 Eagle is one of the best fighters in the world and a symbol of the third generation Jet fighters after WWII. It`s an all-weather, extremely maneuverable, tactical fighter designed to permit the Air Force to gain and maintain air superiority in aerial combat. McDonald Douglas is a part of Boeing Company now. In this photo you see the white-red painting F-15A. The photo down here shows the special sensor mount on F-15A for test fly. 美国麦克唐纳·道格拉斯公司公司的F-15“鹰”式战斗机是世界上最出色的战斗机之一，是战后第三代喷气战斗机的代表。F-15是一种全天候高机动性战术战斗机，用于空中优势作战任务。目前麦道公司已经为波音公司兼并。上图是白红色涂装的F-15A原型机。下图中的F-15A的机头处安装了试飞用的传感器。 
The F-15 is widly regarded as one of the best air superiority fighters. It's air superiority is achieved through a mixture of unprecedented maneuverability and acceleration, range, weapons and avionics. The F-15 has electronic systems and weaponry to detect, acquire, track and attack enemy aircraft while operating in friendly or enemy-controlled airspace, while some other fighters depend on base support too much. F-15被公认为一种优秀的空中优势战斗机。它的优势是以比以往任何一种战斗机都要优越的机动性、操纵性、航程、火力和电子设备为基础的。F-15的电子和武器系统无论在有支援的本方空域，还是敌占区域，都能有效的发挥作用。而其他的一些战斗机往往过于依赖地面基地的支援。 The F-15's maneuverability and acceleration are based on high engine thrust-to-weight ratio and low wing loading. Low wing-loading (the ratio of aircraft weight to its wing area) is a vital factor in maneuverability, combined with the high thrust-to-weight ratio, enables the aircraft to turn tightly without losing airspeed. Check this photo, a F-15 was showing its climbing speed. F-15具有高度的机动性和加速性能，其推重比极高，超过1，而单位翼载荷则很低。单位翼载荷(飞机重量与翼面积的比值)是决定机动性的关键因素，加上F-15的发动机推重比很高，使得F-15既便是在高速转弯的时候也并不会丧失速度。下图中F-15在表演起飞后快速爬升。 
F-15采用固定式切角三角形上单翼，不带前缘和后缘机动襟翼。固定弯度的普通锥形扭转机翼提高了机动性。前缘后掠角45°，展弦比为3，根梢比为4，相对厚度翼根处为6.6％，翼尖处为3％。上反角1°，安装角0°。机翼采用多梁抗扭盒型破损安全结构。前梁为铝合金，后三根梁是钛合金的。少量钛合金壁板，多为铝合金机械加工整体壁板。机翼装有均为铝合金蒙皮全铝蜂窝夹层结构的前、后缘，副翼和襟翼。在C、D型上，内侧机翼的前部和后部都扩大成整体油箱。机翼无除冰系统。 F-15机身底部外形略带弯曲。进气道外侧凸出，安装有机炮，此外还起到翼根整流和安装平尾及垂尾的作用。此处突起在大迎角时产生涡流，可推迟机翼失速和提高尾翼效率，类似于边条。背部座舱后边装一块最大开度为35°的减速板。全金属半硬壳式结构机身由前、中、后三段组成。铝合金结构前段包括机头雷达罩、座舱和电子设备舱。中段是机翼连接部分，部分采用钛合金件承受大载荷，约占此段重量的20.4％。前三个框是铝合金的，后三个框是钛合金的。后段为钛合金结构发动机舱。锯齿形前缘的平尾为全动式，面积大，可满足高速飞行和机动需要。平尾和垂直安定面均为硼纤维复合材料、钛合金抗扭盒和全厚度铝夹芯和硼-环氧复合材料面板构成的蜂窝壁板蒙皮。采用全铝蜂窝结构前后缘。方向舵采用碳纤维-环氧复合材料梁肋和硼-环氧面板和铝夹芯蒙皮。 采用两台普拉特·惠特尼公司F100-PW-100加力式涡轮风扇发动机，单台最大推力72.5千牛(7400千克)，加力推力111.1千牛(11340千克)。二元多波系可调进气道装有一组调节板和一个放气门，可自动保证最佳激波位置和进气量控制。89年起新生产的F-15可换装通用电气公司的F110-GE-129涡轮风扇发动机(单台加力推力129千牛)。机身内有4个燃油箱，左右机翼内各有一个燃油箱。机内载油量A型为5185千克。C型为6103千克。此外在机身和机翼下最多还可带3个2309升副油箱。 
Multimission avionics system is one of the important difference between the F-15 and other fighter aircraft. The system is found of head-up display(HUD), advanced APG-63(Check in this photo) or APG-70 radar, inertial navigation system, flight instruments, ultrahigh frequency communications, tactical navigation system and instrument landing system. An internally mounted, tactical electronic-warfare system is installed, too, "identification friend or foe" system, electronic countermeasures set and a central digital computer. 能执行多种任务的电子系统也是F-15和其他战斗机的一个重要区别。F-15的电子系统由平视显示仪、APG-63(下图，或APG-70)火控雷达、惯性导航系统、飞行控制系统、高频无线电通信设备、战术导航系统、自动着陆系统组成。另外还装有一个中央电子战系统、敌我识别系统、电子对抗装置和中央数字式计算机。 
The HUD of F-15, big green looking in front of the pilot, head-up display, projects all essential flight information gathered by the integrated avionics system on the windscreen in front of the pilot. This display, visible in any light condition, provides the pilot information necessary to track and destroy an enemy aircraft without having to look down at cockpit instruments. F-15的平视显示仪(下图飞行员前方绿色物体)能将机上综合电子系统收集到的各种基本飞行信息显示在飞行员面前的宽幅屏幕上。该显示仪能在任何光线条件下正常工作，它使得飞行员不需要低头查看驾驶舱内的各种仪表，就能够完成跟踪并击落敌机的过程。 
The F-15 adopt a versatile pulse-Doppler radar system, which can look up at high-flying targets and down at low-flying targets without being confused by ground clutter. It can detect and track aircraft and small high-speed targets, such as air-to-air missle, at distances beyond visual range down to close range, and at altitudes down to treetop level. The radar feeds target information into the central computer for effective weapons delivery. For close-in dogfights, the radar automatically acquires enemy aircraft, and this information is projected on the head-up display. The F-15's electronic warfare system provides both threat warning and automatic countermeasures against selected threats. F-15采用APG-63或APG-70多普勒通用火控雷达系统，具有上视上射能力，也具有在地面杂波干扰的条件下发现低空目标的能力。该雷达能在超视距到近距离、高空到贴地高度的范围内搜索和跟踪普通敌机或高速的小型目标，例如空空导弹。该雷达将探测到的信息送到中央计算机，以更有效的运用武器。在近距格斗中，该雷达自动跟踪敌机，并将信息显示在平视显示仪上。F-15的电子战系统能自动提供告警，并对选定的目标实施自动电子对抗。 As a great air fighter, the F-15 can carry a variety of air-to-air weaponry. An automated weapon system enables the pilot to perform aerial combat safely and effectively, using the head-up display and the avionics and weapons controls located on the engine throttles or control stick. When the pilot changes from one weapon system to another, visual guidance for the required weapon automatically appears on the head-up display. 作为一种优秀的战斗机，F-15能携带一系列的空对空武器。机上的自动武器管理系统能使得飞行员安全而有效的进行空中作战。在作战中，F-15的飞行员只需盯住平视显示仪，双手分别控制操纵杆和油门杆上的各个武器及电子设备按钮即可。当飞行员改变当前选定的武器时，平视显示仪上会立即显示该武器所对应的虚拟导引线。 The F-15 is armed with combinations of four different air-to-air weapons: AIM-7F/M Sparrow missiles or AIM-120 AARAAM(advanced medium range air-to-air missiles) on its lower fuselage corners, AIM-9L/M Sidewinder or AIM-120 missiles on two pylons under the wings, and an internal M61A1 20mm Gatling gun in the right wing root. F-15可使用四种不同的空对空武器：其机腹可携带四枚AIM-7F/M“麻雀”导弹或AIM-120 AARAAM先进中距空空导弹，机翼下的两个挂架共可携带四枚AIM-9L/M“响尾蛇”近距空空导弹或AIM-120导弹，右翼根下固定安装有一门M61A1 20mm加特林机炮。 M61 Volcan 20mm gatling gun M61“火神”20mm加特林机炮 
An AIM-9L/M AIM-9L/M“响尾蛇”近距空空导弹 
AIM-7 Sparrow air-to-air missle AIM-7“麻雀”中距空空导弹 
AIM-120 AMRAAM AIM-120先进中距空空导弹 
Lauching AIM-120 missle. 发射AIM-120导弹。 
The first F-15A flight was made in July 1972, and the first flight of the two-seat F-15B (formerly TF-15A) trainer was made in July 1973. The first Eagle (F-15B) was delivered in November 1974. In January 1976, the first Eagle destined for a combat squadron was delivered. Detail of F-15A head and windscreen. 第一架F-15A于72年7月出厂。双座教练改进型F-15B于73年7月首飞，74年11月交付使用。76年1月，第一架正式为作战部队生产的F-15A服役。A型一共生产了385架，其中装备美空军366架(含转给以色列的24架)，出口以色列43架。F-15B也可用于执行制空作战任务。B型除第二个座椅和座舱盖加大以外，与A型几乎没有什么区别。B型比A型约重363千克，没有AN/ALQ-135电子对抗设备，其他与A型相同。F-15B共生产了60架，7架出口以色列。下图为F-15A头部特写。 
The F-15A fly by a lake. F-15A在大湖上飞行。 
The single-seat F-15C and two-seat F-15D models entered the Air Force inventory beginning in 1979. These new models have Production Eagle Package (PEP 2000) improvements, including 2,000 pounds (900 kilograms) of additional internal fuel, provision for carrying exterior conformal fuel tanks and increased maximum takeoff weight of up to 68,000 pounds (30,600 kilograms). F-15C is equiped with two Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-220 or 229 turbofan engines with afterburners, thrust 23,450 pounds each. Photoes of C model comes below. A、B型的改进型F-15C、D于79年开始进入美军序列。这两种新型号是PEP2000改进计划的产物，于1979年2月首次飞行。改进包括利用机内剩余空间多装内部燃油907千克，可挂容积900公升的外挂副油箱。可增挂两个保形外挂油箱，此油箱可装2211千克的JP-4燃油，也可装侦察传感器、雷达探测和干扰设备、激光标识器、微光电视设备、侦察照相机等设备。保形外挂油箱挂在发动机进气道两侧，阻力很小，不降低飞机的载荷因数和速度极限，不影响其他外挂点的使用。AIM-7F“麻雀”导弹可挂在保形油箱的转角处。最大起飞重量增至30600千克。C型采用了两台普惠公司的F100-PW-200或229型涡扇发动机，每台推力10646千克。1983年，美国空军与麦克唐纳·道格拉斯公司签订了F-15“多阶段改进计划”(MSIP)的合同，换装AN/APG-70火控雷达，该雷达存储量达1000K，处理速度提高两倍。采用新型中央计算机，容量增加3倍，处理速度提高两倍。原有武器控制板换为与计算机相联的霍尼韦尔彩色显示屏，火控系统、电子对抗系统也有改进。改进后的F-15具有发射新型AIM-7、AIM-9和AIM-120空空导弹的能力。共生产488架，出口以色列24架，沙特75架。近期沙特阿拉伯的F-15将进行升级。 下面几幅为C型图片。 
Low-drag, conformal fuel tanks were especially developed for the F-15C and D models. Conformal fuel tanks can be attached to the sides of the engine air intake trunks under each wing and are designed to the same load factors and airspeed limits as the basic aircraft. Each conformal fuel tank contains about 114 cubic feet of usable space. These tanks reduce the need for in-flight refueling on global missions and increase time in the combat area. All external stations for munitions remain available with the tanks in use.AIM-7F/M Sparrow missiles, moreover, can be attached to the corners of these two tanks. Look! The tail clasp of F-15D。 F-15C型和D型装有专门设计的低阻保形副油箱。两个保形油箱分别安装在两个翼根下，进气道两侧，对飞行速度的影响非常小。每个保形油箱携带约4222公升燃油，能减少F-15C/D空中加油的次数，增长在作战空域的留空时间。使用保形油箱时，并不影响原有的各种武器的挂装和发射。AIM-7F/M“麻雀”导弹甚至还能外挂在保形油箱的边角挂架上。下图中的F-15D装备有尾钩。 
Another photo of F-15D 另一张F-15D图片 
The F-15E is a two-seat, dual-role, totally integrated variation of F-15s for all-weather, air-to-air and deep interdiction missions. The cockpit is upgraded to include four multi-purpose CRT displays for aircraft systems and weapons. The digital, triple-redundant Lear Siegler flight control system permits coupled automatic terrain following, enhanced by a ring-laser gyro inertial navigation system. Three F-15E type. F-15E型是F-15的双座双重任务重大改型，用于执行全天候空对空及远距离对地遮断任务，偏重对地攻击。它的后驾驶舱经过升级，安装了四个多用途阴极射像管显示器。机上的环形激光陀螺惯性导航系统和三余度线传操纵系统能确保飞机做自动地形跟踪飞行。三架F-15E。 
For low-altitude, high-speed penetration and precision attack on tactical targets at night or in adverse weather, the F-15E carries a high-resolution APG-70 radar and low-altitude navigation and targeting infrared for night pods(LANTIRN, photo as below). 为执行夜间及恶劣气象下的低空高速战术对地攻击任务，F-15E装备了APG-70雷达及LANTIRN低空导航及红外目标指示吊舱(下图)。 
The F-15 Multistage Improvement Program was initiated in February 1983, with the first production MSIP F-15C produced in 1985. Improvements included an upgraded central computer; a Programmable Armament Control Set, allowing for advanced versions of the AIM-7, AIM-9, and AIM-120A missiles; and an expanded Tactical Electronic Warfare System that provides improvements to the ALR-56C radar warning receiver and ALQ-135 countermeasure set. The final 43 included a Hughes APG-70 radar. 1983年2月，F-15的多级别改进计划启动，第一种改进型MSIP F-15C于85年出厂。改进计划包括升级中央计算机；换装具有重编程能力的火力控制装置，这使得F-15能够使用AIM-7、AIM-9、AIM-120A的改进型号；换装新的战术电子战系统，包括ALR-56C雷达告警接收装置和ALQ-135对抗装置。MSIP的最后四十三架战斗机换装了休斯APG-70雷达。 F-15C, D and E models were deployed to the Persian Gulf in 1991 in support of Operation Desert Storm where they proved their superior combat capability with a confirmed 26:0 kill ratio. F-15 fighters accounted for 36 of the 39 Air Force air-to-air victories. F-15Es were operated mainly at night, hunting SCUD missile launchers and artillery sites using the LANTIRN system. F-15的C、D、E型在91年的海湾战争中取得了26比0的空战佳绩，充分证明了这一系列战斗机的超人作战能力。整个海湾战争中，F-15在盟军取得的36次空战胜利中占了其中36次。F-15E主要在夜间出动，借助LANTIRN吊舱，F-15E执行了大量攻击伊拉克弹道导弹发射车和炮兵阵地的任务。 They have since been deployed to support Operation Southern Watch, the patrolling of the UN-sanctioned no-fly zone in Southern Iraq; Operation Provide Comfort in Turkey; in support of NATO operations in Bosnia and Yogoslavia, and recent air expeditionary force deployments. F-15还参与了伊拉克南北禁飞区的巡逻任务和北约在前南地区的军事行动。 到1992年底停产时，麦道公司共生产各型F-15 1224架(F-15E 209架)。日本还专利生产了172架F-15J/DJ。至1992年底以色列共接收了81架F-15A/B和C/D。沙特共接收了98架F-15C/D，其中有22架是美国1990年8月的紧急援助。 随着时间推移，F-15虽然战斗力仍优于大多数现役战斗机，但机体结构略显老态。2002年3月军方已建议更换F-15的所有垂直翼面，以补救慢性水浸入、裂纹和孔洞扩展等老化问题。空军正设法为F-15的垂直翼面改装新型部件，改进修理工艺，以减少两次计划基地维护之间的现场维修工作。 2002年4月雷神公司获得价值1.16亿美元的合同，为F-15机队提供23套新型APG-63(V)1雷达。交付时间定于2004年12月。 
General Characteristics: Wing span: 42.8 feet (13 meters) Length: 63.8 feet (19.44 meters) Height: 18.5 feet (5.6 meters) Speed: 1,875 mph (Mach 2.5 plus) Takeoff weight: 68,000 pounds (30,844 kilograms, C/D models) Ceiling: 65,000 feet (19,812 meters) Range: 3,450 miles (3,000 nautical miles) ferry range with conformal fuel tanks and three external fuel tanks Crew: F-15A/C: one. F-15B/D/E: two Armament: One internally mounted M-61A1 20mm 20-mm, six-barrel cannon with 940 rounds of ammunition; four AIM-9L/M Sidewinder and four AIM-7F/M Sparrow air-to-air missiles, or eight AIM-120 AMRAAMs, carried externally. Unit Cost: $15 million Date deployed: July 1972 Inventory: Active force, 423; Reserve, 0; ANG, 45. 基本技术数据: 机长 19.45米 机高 5.65米 翼展 13.05米 空重 12973千克 最大起飞重量 30845千克 (制空战斗机20244千克) 最大燃油重量 6103千克(机内) 9818千克(外挂，2个保形油箱和3个副油箱) 最大外挂武器载荷 10705千克 最大平飞速度 M2.5 进场速度 232千米/小时 实用升限 18300米 起飞滑跑距离 274米(截击) 着陆滑跑距离 1067米(截击，不用减速伞) 最大续航时间 5小时15分(无空中加油) 15小时(空中加油) 转场航程 5745千米(带保形油箱) 4631千米(不带保形油箱) 限制过载 9+/-3g ---- |
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