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    JDK 1.5 新功能使用实例之Generics (转) | 
   
  
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     作者:未知  来源:月光软件站  加入时间:2005-2-28 月光软件站  | 
   
  
    Generics 是JDK 1.5 一个最重要的特性,主要用来处理Collection。 
    以下代码在JDK 1.5 调试通过。
    代码实例1: Demo.java
  
package maoxiang.examples.jdk15.generics; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Collection; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.LinkedList; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map;
  /** * @author 毛翔 *  * 演示如何使用Generics 特性。代码来自于 Generics 教程: * http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5/pdf/generics-tutorial.pdf *  * Generics类似于C++中的模板。 * 区别: * 1. * 2. */
  public class Demo {  public static void main(String[] args) {}
   /**  * 最简单的用法  */
   public void Test1() {
    // 以前的用法   //List myIntList = new LinkedList(); // 1   //myIntList.add(new Integer(0)); // 2   //Integer x = (Integer) myIntList.iterator().next(); // 3 需要强制转换   // 1.5 的用法   List<Integer> myIntList = new LinkedList<Integer>(); // 1’   myIntList.add(new Integer(0)); //2’   Integer x = myIntList.iterator().next(); // 3’  }
   /**  * 匿名字符的用法  */
   public void Test2() {   List<Circle> list = new ArrayList<Circle>();   //通过匿名字符打印一个集合
    Wildcards(list);   Wildcards1();   /*   * 如果 Wildcards2 定义为Wildcards2(List <Shape> shapes)   * 以下调用错误   */   Wildcards2(list);  }
   public void Wildcards(Collection< ? > c) {   // 以前的用法   //Iterator i = c.iterator();   //for (int k = 0; k < c.size(); k++) {   //   log(i.next());   //}
   //1.5 的用法  //Collection<?> c 表示  for (Object e : c) {   log(e);  } }
  public void Wildcards1() {  //Collection<?> c = new ArrayList<String>();  //c.add(new Object()); // compile time error
   //以上为错误的用法,因为不能确定 c 的类型 ,不能使用add ,但get可以 。正确的用法如下:
   ArrayList<String> c = new ArrayList<String>();  c.add("test");  List< ? > list = c;  log(c.get(0)); }
  public void Wildcards2(List< ? extends Shape> shapes) {  //List<Shape> shapes 定义只能接受List<Shape> shapes,也不能接受 List<Circle>  for (Shape s : shapes) {   s.draw();  }
   //以下写法错误,因为为参数申明为 extends Shpape,无法确定Rectangle 为Shape子类,属于不安全调用  //shapes.add(0, new Rectangle());
   Map<String, Driver> allDrivers = new HashMap<String, Driver>();  Census.addRegistry(allDrivers);  //以下写法允许,因为drivers明确定义,  List<Driver> drivers = new ArrayList<Driver>();  Census.add(drivers); }
  /** * Generic Methods 的用法 * */
  public void Test3() {  //适用于各种类型的函数  Object[] oa = new Object[100];  Collection<Object> co = new ArrayList<Object>();  fromArrayToCollection(oa, co);// T inferred to be Object  String[] sa = new String[100];  Collection<String> cs = new ArrayList<String>();  fromArrayToCollection(sa, cs);// T inferred to be String  fromArrayToCollection(sa, co);// T inferred to be Object  Integer[] ia = new Integer[100];  Float[] fa = new Float[100];  Number[] na = new Number[100];  Collection<Number> cn = new ArrayList<Number>();  fromArrayToCollection(ia, cn);// T inferred to be Number  fromArrayToCollection(fa, cn);// T inferred to be Number  fromArrayToCollection(na, cn);// T inferred to be Number  fromArrayToCollection(na, co);// T inferred to be Object  //test.fromArrayToCollection(na, cs);// 错误用法
  }
  public <T> void fromArrayToCollection(T[] a, Collection<T> c) {  for (T o : a) {   //如果参数定义为 Collection< ? > c 以下写法错误   c.add(o); // compile time error  } }
  /** * generics 嵌套用法 * @param shapes */
  public void drawAll(List< ? extends Shape> shapes) {  List<List< ? extends Shape>> history = new ArrayList<List< ? extends Shape>>();  history.add(shapes);  for (Shape s : shapes) {   s.draw();  } } /** *  * */ public void Test4() {  List<String> l1 = new ArrayList<String>();  List<Integer> l2 = new ArrayList<Integer>();  System.out.print(l1.getClass() == l2.getClass());  //打印为 true, }
  /** * 错误用法 */ public void Test5() {  Collection cs = new ArrayList<String>();  //以下为错误用法  //if (cs instanceof Collection<String>) { } // illegal  //以下为警告用法  //Collection<String> cstr = (Collection<String>) cs; // unchecked  // warning }
  public void Test6() { //错误用法 //List<String>[] lsa = new List<String>[10]; // not really allowed
  List< ? >[] lsa = new List< ? >[10]; // ok, array of unbounded wildcard // type Object o = lsa; Object[] oa = (Object[]) o; List<Integer> li = new ArrayList<Integer>(); li.add(new Integer(3)); oa[1] = li; // correct //String s = lsa[1].get(0); // run-time error - ClassCastException //String s = lsa[1].get(0); // run time error, but we were warned String s = (String) lsa[1].get(0); // run time error, but cast is // explicit } public void Test7() {  Sink<Object> s = null;  Sink<String> s1 = null;  Collection<String> cs = null;
   String str = writeAll(cs, s1);  //String str = writeAll(cs, s); // 无效调用  Object obj = writeAll1(cs, s); // 正确的调用  str = writeAll2(cs, s1); // 正确的调用 } public <T> T writeAll(Collection<T> coll, Sink<T> snk) {  T last = null;  for (T t : coll) {   last = t;   snk.flush(last);  }  return last; }
  public <T> T writeAll1(Collection< ? extends T> coll, Sink<T> snk) {  T last = null;  for (T t : coll) {   last = t;   snk.flush(last);  }  return last; } public <T> T writeAll2(Collection<T> coll, Sink< ? super T> snk) {  T last = null;  for (T t : coll) {   last = t;   snk.flush(last);  }  return last; }
  // 打印 private void log(Object ob) {  System.out.print(ob); }
  }
  //辅助定义 abstract class Shape {  public abstract void draw(); }
  class Circle extends Shape {  private int x, y, radius;  public void draw() {  } }
  class Rectangle extends Shape {  private int x, y, width, height;  public void draw() {  } }
  class Person {} class Driver extends Person {} class Census {  public static void addRegistry(Map<String, ? extends Person> registry) { }
  public static void add(List< ? extends Person> persons) {
  }
  }
  class Collections {
  public static <T, S extends T> void copy(List<T> dest, List<S> src) {
  }
  }
  |      代码实例2。Sink.java
  
package maoxiang.examples.jdk15.generics;
  /**
  * 
  * @author 毛翔
  * 
  * 定义一个接口模板,简化了接口的定义
  * 
  */
  interface Sink<E> {
  public void flush(E t);
  }
  /*
  * 如果是以前的定义,则要定义要各种类型的接口,显然更麻烦 
  * interface Sink {
  * 
  * public void flush(String str); 
  * public void flush(Object obj); 
  * public void flush(Integer test);
  * ......
  * }
  */ |   
  
 
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